Culture is the sum total of all the tradition, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human being. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologists, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguists there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisted largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers the description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our western language not in their sound patterns or grammatical structure, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: a) All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system; b) The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguished merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. 16. The language of uncivilized groups as compared to western language is limited in _________. A) vocabularies B) sound patterns C) grammatical structures D) both A and B 17. The statement that "every group has a culture" grows out of the author's _________. A) philosophy B) definition of culture C) feeling about human beings D) bias in regard to civilized human 18. According to the author, anthropologists would have all culture viewed _________. A) comparatively B) independently C) intrinsically D) hierarchically 19. According to the author, language whether "civilized or not" has _________. A) the same way to transfer ideas B) the same grammatical structures C) the potential for expanding vocabulary D) the potential for increasing sound patterns 20. Which of the following is implied but not stated? A) The study of languages discredited the anthropological studies. B) The study of language is the same as the study of anthropology. C) The study of language casts a new light upon the claims of anthropologists. D) The study of language has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy cultures.