A 65-year-old man presents to the neurology clinic with a several year history in which he has less and less energy and spontaneity, memory loss (especially recent events), and mood swings. He is described by his wife as uncharacteristically slow to learn and react and shying away from anything new, preferring the familiar, confused, getting lost easily, and exercising poor judgment. He scores poorly on the mini-mental status examination (MMSE). This disease is believed to be caused by protein misfolding. Chap-eronins regulate protein folding in which of the following ways?
A.
Stimulating aggregation of proteins
B.
Contributing folding information to the native protein
C.
Controlling the docking of the signal peptide with its receptor on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D.
Inhibiting proteolytic activity of misfolded proteins
E.
Using their ATPase activity to bind and release themselves from hydrophobic regions of the protein