Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Low-carbon Future: We Can Afford to Go Green [A] Tackling climate change will cost consumers the earth. Those who campaign for a green revolution are out to destroy our western lifestyles. Such are the cries of opponents of emissions cuts, and their message has political impact: a number of surveys have found that the enthusiasm of voters for policies to reduce climate change falls off as the price tag increase. However, a new modeling exercise suggests that these fears are largely unfounded. It projects that radical cuts to the UK’s emissions will cause barely noticeable increases in the price of food, drink and other goods by 2050. Electricity and petrol coast will rise significantly, but with the right policies in place, say the modeler, this need not lead to big changes in our lifestyle. [B] “These results show that the global project to fight climate change is feasible,” says Alex Bowen, a climate police expert at the London School of Economics. “It’s not such a big ask as people are making out.” Although it is impossible to precisely predict prices four decades from now, the exercise is one of the most detailed examinations yet of the impact of climate change policies on UK consumers. It provides a useful rough guide to our economic future. [C] Though its results speak directly to the UK consumer, previous research has come to similar conclusions for the US. In June, one study found that if the US were to cut emissions by 50 per cent by 2050, prices of most consumer goods would increase by less than 5 per cent. The findings are also consistent with analyses by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change in Washington DC. “Even cutting emissions by 80 per cent over four decades has a very small effect on consumers in most areas,” says Manik Roy of Pew Center. “The challenge is now to convince consumers and policy-makers that this is the case.” [D] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends that wealthy nations cut their emissions to between 80 to 95 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050 in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change. The UK government aims to reduce the its contribution by 80 per cent and leaders of the other G8 nations have discussed following suit. To meet this goal, industries will have to cut down fossil fuel consumption, and low-carbon power sources will have to massively expend. Companies will have to pay increasingly higher prices for the right to emit greenhouse gases. [E] How will this affect the average citizens wallet? To measure the impact of 80 per cent target of the UK population, New Scientist approached Cambridge Econometrics, a firm known for its modelling of the European economy. The film used historic economic data to predict the impact of the 80 per cent cut with a baseline situation in which the government takes no action other than the limited emissions restrictions already in place as a result of the Kyoto protocol(京都议定书). [F] Most of the price increases are a consequence of rising energy coast, in part because coal and gas are replaced by more expensive low-carbon sources. The price of electricity is projected to be 15 per cent higher in 2050 compared with the baseline. In today’s prices, that would add around $5 onto typical monthly household electricity bills. It will also result in higher prices elsewhere, as every industrial sector uses electricity. But electricity and other forms of energy make up only a small part of the prices of most goods. Other factors—raw materials, labour and taxes—are far more important. The energy that goes into producing food, alcoholic drinks and tobacco, for example , makes up just 2 per cent of the consumer price. For motor vehicle purchases and hotel stays, the figure is 1 per cent. Only for energy-intensive industries does the contribution climb above 3 per cent. [G] As a result, most products cost just a few per cent more by 2050. At current prices, going low-carbon is forecast to add around 5 pence to the price of a slice of bread or a pint of beer. The price of household appliances such as washing machines rise by a few pounds. There is one major exception to the pattern. Airlines do not currently have a low-carbon alternative to jet fuel. Unless one is found, they will bear the full burden of carbon pricing, and average fares will rise by at least 140 per cent—raising the coast of a typical London to New York return trip from around &350 to &840. [H] Achieving the overall picture of low prices does require government action. The model forecasts that by 2050 natural gas and petrol will cost 160 per cent and 32 per cent more respectively. To avoid large price rises in home heating and road transport while still hitting the 80 per cent target, the Cambridge researchers had to build two major policies into their analyses. They assumed that future governments will provide grants to help switch all domestic heating and cooking to electricity, and invest in the basic facilities needed for electric cars to almost completely replace petroleum-fuelled vehicles. Both policies have been discussed in recent UK government strategy documents, though the detail of how they would be implemented still needs further discussion. Firm policies must follow if ambitious emissions cuts are going to be made, says Chris Thoung of Cambridge Econometrics. [I] So is tacking climate change going to be easier than expected, in terms of consumer cost? While the Cambridge Econometrics model is widely respected and regularly used by the UK government’s climate change advisers, any attempt to forecast four decades ahead can be diverted from its intended course by unforeseen events. That leads some economists to question the model’s results. [J] For example, companies could move to countries with less strict carbon regulations, points out Richard Tol of the Economic and Social Research Instiute in Dublin, Ireland. Incomes in the UK would fall, making goods relatively more expensive. Tol also questions whether it is reasonable to use historical prices as a basis for projecting beyond 2020. Despite this, the Cambridge Econometrics results, together with other recent studies, do provide a useful guide for governments, says Michael Grubb of the University of Cambridge. They suggest that the overall challenge is conquerable, even if many of the details will only become clear in years to come. 1. Cambridge Econometrics predicted the impact of emissions reductions on prices from past econometric data. 2. Richard Tol points out that UK companies could find other locations with less strict carbon regulations, which would affect the future price. 3. The air fares are predicted to rise dramatically because no clean energy can replace the jet fuel. 4. Some economists doubt the model’s result because the production may be diverted by unforeseen events. 5. As the cost of a green revolution rise, the enthusiasm of the policy-makers to lessen climate change decrease. 6. The Cambridge Econometrics results provide a useful guide for policy-makers, with a suggestion that the government can conquer the challenge. 7. The two major policies built by the Cambridge researchers include the electrification of residential heating and cooking system. 8. To reduce 80 per cent of the emission, the UK industries have to cut down fossil fuel consumption and use low-carbon power sources instead. 9. According to the modellers, emission cuts won’t change the lifestyle much, provided that appropriate policies are carried out. 10. A study showed that cutting emissions by eighty per cent in the coming four decades has little effect on the price.