The term "ghetto" originated from the name of the Jewish quarter in Venice, established in 1516. During World War II, ghettos were city districts (often enclosed) in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under miserable conditions. Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from the non-Jewish population and from neighboring Jewish communities. The Nazis established over 400 ghettos. The Germans regarded the establishment of ghettos as a measure to control and segregate Jews. In many places ghettoization lasted a relatively short time. With the implementation of the "Final Solution" in 1942, the Germans systematically destroyed the ghettos and deported the Jews to extermination camps where they killed them. A smaller number of Jews were deported from ghettos to forced-labor camps and concentration camps. Most ghettos (situated primarily in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe) were closed off by walls, barbed-wire fences, or gates. Ghettos were extremely crowded and unsanitary. Starvation, chronic shortages, severe winter weather, and the absence of urban services led to repeated outbreaks of epidemics and to a high mortality rate. Daily life in the ghettos was administered by Nazi-appointed Jewish councils and Jewish police, whom the Germans forced to maintain order inside the ghetto and to facilitate deportations to the extermination camps. In some ghettos, members of the Jewish resistance staged armed uprisings. The largest was the Warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943. There were also violent revolts in Vilna, Bialystok, Czestochowa, and several smaller ghettos. In August 1944, the Nazis completed the destruction of the last major ghetto, in Lodz.