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Many small, charged molecules, such as pyruvate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (P i ), are imported into the mitochondrial matrix from the cytosol, while others, such as ATP, must be transported in the opposite direction.

Carrier proteins that bind some of these molecules couple their transport to the energetically favorable flow of H + into the matrix. Pyruvate and P i , for example, are each co-transported inward, along with protons, as the protons move down their electrochemical gradient into the matrix.

Other transporters take advantage of the membrane potential generated by the electrochemical proton gradient, which makes the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane more negatively charged than the side that faces the intermembrane space. A special antiport carrier protein exploits this voltage gradient to export ATP from the mitochondrial matrix and to bring ADP in. This exchange allows the ATP synthesized in the mitochondrion to be exported rapidly, which is important for energizing the rest of the cell.

The electrochemical proton gradient is also required for the translocation of proteins across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix. As mentioned earlier, although mitochondria retain their own genome—and synthesize some of their own proteins—most of the proteins required for mitochondrial function are made in the cytosol and must be actively imported into the organelle.

行X线影像学检查，观察剩余牙槽骨的量

探诊检查断端的位置

观察患牙与邻牙的关系、笑线的位置

评估患牙术后的冠根比例

患牙的色泽

严格执行无菌操作

有计划的更换注射部位

药物应充分稀释后应用

防止药物溢出血管外

输液前给予激素治疗

患者保暖

防止烫伤

注意保护眼睛

向患者解释治疗过程

⑴⑵

⑴⑵⑶

⑴⑵⑶⑷

⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸