: A Brief Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte 拿破仑 . 波拿巴 : Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 − 1821)Emperor of the French, who consolidate d and institutionalized many reforms of the French Revolution 法国大革命 . One of the greatest military commanders of all time, he conquered the larger part of Europe. During 1802 — 1815 Napoleon tried to gain control of the whole of Europe. He had great success against all his enemies except Britain, whose navy under Nelson 纳尔逊 defeated the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar 特拉法尔加海战 in 1805 , and whose army fought the Peninsular War 半岛战争 against him from 1808 to 1814, making him weaker in his other campaigns. In 1812 Napoleon lost half a million men when he invaded Russia 入侵俄国 in winter, and in 1814 the British, Russians, Prussians and Austrians entered Paris. They sent Napoleon to rule the island of Elba 厄尔巴岛 in the Mediterranean 地中海 , but he collected an army around him and returned to Paris. He was soon defeated again, at the Battle of Waterloo 滑铁卢战役 in 1815 , and was sent to the island of St. Helena 圣赫勒拿岛屿 in the south Atlantic 南大西洋 , where he died in 1821.