How are odd-number fatty acids oxidized in cells?
A.
Long-chain odd-number fatty acids are oxidized in the same pathway as the even-number acids, beginning at the carboxyl end of the chain. However, the substrate for the last pass through the β-oxidation sequence is a fatty acyl-CoA with a five-carbon fatty acid. When this is oxidized and cleaved, the products are acetyl-CoA and propionyl-Co The acetyl-CoA can be oxidized in the citric acid cycle, of course, but propionyl-CoA enters a different pathway, having three enzymes.
B.
Propionyl-CoA is first carboxylated to form the D stereoisomer of methylmalonyl-CoA by propionyl-CoA carboxylase, which contains the cofactor biotin. In this enzymatic reaction, as in the pyruvate carboxylase reaction, CO 2 (or its hydrated ion) is activated by attachment to biotin before its transfer to the substrate, in this case the propionate moiety.
C.
The D-methylmalonyl-CoA thus formed is enzymatically epimerized to its L stereoisomer by methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase.
D.
The L-methylmalonyl-CoA then undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement to form succinyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle. This rearrangement is catalyzed by methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase, which requires as its coenzyme 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, or coenzyme B 12 , which is derived from vitamin B 12 (cobalamin).