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第一部分暴发侦测 1998年1月13日,阿根廷斯艾利斯一家医院的传染科大夫打电话给阿根廷卫生部流行病学理事会,报告2例疑似肉毒中毒病人。2名患者均为男性,分别于1月5日、6日出现症状,临床表现为眼睑下垂、复视、吞咽困难、呼吸困难。医生已采集了病人的血、粪便标本,并进行了检测,但没有检测到肉毒杆菌毒素。 肉毒中毒是一种因摄取了受污染食物中的毒素所引起的严重疾病。若不及时进行治疗、处理,高达60%的病例可能死亡。在美国,采用支持疗法和及时的抗毒素治疗可使病死率减少到10%以下。肉毒中毒暴发与食用不恰当储存的蔬菜、水果、肉(包括发酵鱼制品)、香肠、熏肉和海产品等有关。 又发现7例与肉毒中毒症状一致的神经症状病人。5例病人就医,4例住院。发现最初的2例病人的诊断工作组及时对这些病人进行了诊断,包括1例重症肌无力、2例格林巴利综合征、1例脑卒中、1例糖尿病并发症。所有病人都是来自于最初病例的同一公司、在同一线路行驶的司机,且均在运行线路终点站的司机们中间休息的一家餐馆用过餐。大约有58名司机在这条线路上行驶,27人为早班,16人为下午班,15人为晚班。 第二部分描述流行病学,形成假设 国家实验室主任和公交线路终点站所在地卫生部门的工作人员被邀请参加调查。中毒病例的主治医生按要求提供了病人人口学信息和临床信息(表1) 第三部分流行病学研究设计,检验假设 为了确定暴发的来源,调查者在此公交线路的早班司机中做了一个回顾性队列研究,收集了1月15日-19日的资料。调查者给肉毒中毒病例下了定义:确诊病例为在1月5日至15日间出现症状,血清或粪便标本检测出肉毒毒素或肉毒杆菌的早班司机。疑似病例的定义为在此期间出现急性脑神经功能紊乱(例如视力模糊、复视、眼睑下垂、吞咽困难)的早班司机。对照组为同一线路的没有肉毒中毒急性神经症状的所有早班司机。 咨询了此公交线路终点站所在地的卫生部门和公司管理者后,调查者设计、制定了流行病学调查的标准问卷。调查人员调查了此条公交线路的每一个早班司机,并完成了问卷。 第四部分分析流行病学 通过分析研究收集了下列信息,并由来自阿根廷卫生部的流行病学专家整理 第五部分环境和食物调查 牛肉卷是阿根廷的一种传统肉卷,由肉、蔬菜、香料和鸡蛋制成。追溯牛肉卷来源,卫生部发现它来源于距离此公交线路终点站不远的一个小规模的制作者。终点站餐厅老板1月3日在当地的市场购买了牛肉卷,卫生部开始对牛肉卷进行危险性评估(这个过程通常参照“关键控制点风险分析评估-HazardAnalysisCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)RiskAssessment”),以确定导致肉毒中毒发生的危险。 一个完整的危险性评估不是匆忙的视察操作过程和卫生条件,而是涉及到食品生产从许可到生产、销售的全过程,但重点关注可疑食品或肉类,以及从原料到销售或供应给顾客的过程。危险性评估的目的是确定可疑食品污染和微生物在食品中生长繁殖的环节,并能采取措施控制的。表3所示为与食源性疾病相关的能使危险性增加的各种因素。 肉毒杆菌是肉毒中毒的病原体,为产芽孢的厌氧性细菌(在有氧条件下不能生长)。孢子广泛存在于土壤和灰尘中。毒素是由于不合理罐装的低酸或碱性食物,或者用巴氏消毒、灯光照射消毒的食物,在保存温度不合适,尤其是保存在密封容器中时产生的。毒素可通过煮沸破坏,孢子灭活需要更高温度。当地卫生部门的食品监督员于1月20日进行了危险评估。终点站的餐馆没有许可证,牛肉卷等易腐烂食品保存在两个大冰箱里。尽管冰箱的温度设定的很低,但实测为9℃和10℃(分别为48℉和50℉)。店主称最近销售了大约4公斤的牛肉卷。牛肉卷被切为15片,放在三明治里。三明治里加入了辣肠,没有加入其他的调味品或原料。没有可供检测的剩余牛肉卷。涉嫌牛肉卷购自当地的市场。市场里的牛肉卷储存在冰箱中,但没有温度记录或销售发票。一些顾客反映因为停电,最近在降价销售牛肉卷。市场里的牛肉卷的是从一家小规模的制作牛肉卷和加工火腿的生产商处购进的。制作牛肉卷时,生产商在不的台面上放置一层1-3厘米厚生牛肉,其配料包括生胡萝卜片、煮鸡蛋、盐、红辣椒片、干牛至、淀粉(面粉)等。在烹煮时,肉、蔬菜和鸡蛋卷成10X30厘米的圆筒,放在矩形的不锈钢的盘子里,使原料保持在其中。每个中放10-15个牛肉卷,浸在70-80℃的热水中煮4小时。煮牛肉卷时,水不会沸腾。煮倒掉水,检查温度,确保牛肉卷内部温度大约为68℃。生产者把热的牛肉卷逐个用塑料包裹,抽出空气,用加热法密封塑料口。塑料包裹的牛肉卷冷却后放进冰箱,在销售到超市或直接卖给消费者之前,最长会储存2个星期。 生产者说每2星期制作一批牛肉卷,每批15-20炉。暴发前的最后一批制作于12月初。那一批的牛肉卷已没有剩余。 第六部分控制 当地食品安全官员检查后,关闭了此牛肉卷生产商。该生产商不能提供销售发票或销售去向,称大多数的顾客分布于撕艾利斯的西部。由于该生产商的牛肉卷没有任何标签或生产日期,所以根本无法剩余的牛肉卷。根据阿根廷卫生部提供的资料,肉毒中毒在阿根廷并不罕见。1979-1997年间,阿根廷报告了277例肉毒中毒病例,大多数未查到暴露源。1997年,阿根廷报告了23例疑似肉毒中毒病例(13例死亡,病死率57%),在美国报告了约同样数量的实验室确诊病例,但美国的人口数是阿根廷的10倍。 图31997年12月-1998年1月阿根廷斯艾利斯肉毒中毒病人(N=9)出 现症状的时间 结语 牛肉卷为阿根廷的一种传统食品,但通常是食用新鲜的,很少浸泡或较长时间的保存。商业化生产牛肉卷的实行许可制,使用亚硝酸盐、成酸剂,或其他防腐剂来阻止细菌生长。本次暴发所疑的牛肉卷没有上述处理措施。烹煮不充分,加热皱缩的真空包装,不适当的冷藏等为孢子出芽、毒素产生提供了条件。导致此次暴发的牛肉卷是在相对较低的温度下(78-80℃或158-176F)烹煮了大约240分钟。此时间太短,不足以杀死所有的肉毒杆菌孢子。通常采用的烹煮方法很难破坏这些孢子。实际上,非致死性加热处理,防腐剂或酸剂的缺乏,甚至可以促进肉毒杆菌的生长和毒素的生成。 为保证罐装食品或较长时间保存食品的安全,美国农业部推荐所有低酸食品(pH>4.6的食品,包括肉、海鲜、家禽、牛奶、新鲜蔬菜等)116-121℃、0.66-0.97atm(10-15lb/in2)罐装压力下灭菌。在这个范围的温度下,破坏低酸罐装食品内的细菌所需的时间为20-100分钟,具体时间依罐装食品的种类、包装方法、烹煮食品数量而定。 你将用哪种调查方法验证假设?为什么?
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【判断题】The testes of the bull hang horizontally
A.
正确
B.
错误
【简答题】简述区域空间管治的原则
【单选题】The cross-head shoes are white metal lined, grooves being cut horizontally on the face of the white metal to ensure _____.
A.
an adequate supply of lube oil
B.
an adequate supply of fuel oil
C.
an adequate supply of turbine oil
D.
an adequate supply of cylinder oil
【简答题】试从可持续发展的角度分析增长与发展的关系
【多选题】区域空间管治的原则( )
A.
可持续发展原则
B.
强制性、指导性并存的原则
C.
空间准入的可操作性原则
D.
与其他相关规划协调的原则
【简答题】区域空间管治规划的基本要求和原则?
【简答题】简述区域空间管治的原则。
【单选题】&8226;Look at the statements below and the information on outdoor advertising on the opposite page. &8226;Which section (A, B, C, or D) does each statement 1-7 refer to? &8226;For each statement 1--7,...
A.
The cost-effectiveness and flexibility offered by large-format digital imaging has also helped diversify the number of out-of-home media. Out-of-home was a concept that didn't have a name until digital technology gave it one. Instead of hand- painting a bus or shelter, a self-adhesive graphic can be digitally imaged in a short amount of time and applied with relative ease. Advances in the durability and weatherability of inks and vinyl substrates keep the images looking sharp for a longer time.
B.
Other technologies contribute to improvements in outdoor advertising. Satellite lighting systems allow outdoor companies to remotely adjust billboard lighting to change with seasons and daily light differences. For instance, lights can be programmed to turn off at the end of an advertiser's contract, while two-way communication lets outdoor companies know when there is no power.
C.
Another electronic device barcode-identification tracks an advertiser's campaign from poster production through shipping, display and removal. In this way, advertisers can verify the status of their campaign through on-line communication with the outdoor companies. Similarly, computer-mapping systems help advertisers combine demographic and geographic market research data with outdoor locations to determine the best place to advertise.
D.
Global positioning systems (GPS) make up another technology that enables the outdoor industry to determine display locations. Data is gathered with a hand-held GPS receiver that receives radio signals from satellites. The data is then put into mapping database systems that visually position billboards and other out-of-home advertising displays at that location. In this way, advertisers can test creative designs at specific locations from a computer before they commit to them. Lighting system of billboard changes seasonally, which is remote-control.
【单选题】The SCARA has () vertical, () horizontally revolute joints .
A.
1,3
B.
2,3
C.
2,2
D.
3,1
【简答题】黄河三角洲地处环渤海经济圈与沿黄河经济带交汇点,黄河三角洲的开发建设,有利于资源的全国性优化配置,使其成为新的经济增长极。阅读材料回答问题。(10分) 材料一 黄河口及其附近地区的卫星影像图(图中左下角日期为拍摄日期) (1)关于今后黄河三角洲造陆面积的变化,目前有两种观点:一是趋于减小是将会增长。你持哪种观点?理由是什么?(4分) (2)目前,黄河三角洲有34.7万公顷荒地和12万公顷滩涂有待开...
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【单选题】&8226;Look at the statements below and the information on outdoor advertising on the opposite page. &8226;Which section (A, B, C, or D) does each statement 1-7 refer to? &8226;For each statement 1--7,...
A.
The cost-effectiveness and flexibility offered by large-format digital imaging has also helped diversify the number of out-of-home media. Out-of-home was a concept that didn't have a name until digital technology gave it one. Instead of hand- painting a bus or shelter, a self-adhesive graphic can be digitally imaged in a short amount of time and applied with relative ease. Advances in the durability and weatherability of inks and vinyl substrates keep the images looking sharp for a longer time.
B.
Other technologies contribute to improvements in outdoor advertising. Satellite lighting systems allow outdoor companies to remotely adjust billboard lighting to change with seasons and daily light differences. For instance, lights can be programmed to turn off at the end of an advertiser's contract, while two-way communication lets outdoor companies know when there is no power.
C.
Another electronic device barcode-identification tracks an advertiser's campaign from poster production through shipping, display and removal. In this way, advertisers can verify the status of their campaign through on-line communication with the outdoor companies. Similarly, computer-mapping systems help advertisers combine demographic and geographic market research data with outdoor locations to determine the best place to advertise.
D.
Global positioning systems (GPS) make up another technology that enables the outdoor industry to determine display locations. Data is gathered with a hand-held GPS receiver that receives radio signals from satellites. The data is then put into mapping database systems that visually position billboards and other out-of-home advertising displays at that location. In this way, advertisers can test creative designs at specific locations from a computer before they commit to them. Lighting system of billboard changes seasonally, which is remote-control.