In the early 1450s cultural change in Europe fueled a growing need for the rapid and cheap production of written documents. Before this time, scribal monks hand-copied sacred texts for centuries. But for the secular world began to develop and 【M1】______ distribute new forms of sacred texts, the scribes could not keep up the demand. Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman 【M2】______ from southern Germany, foresees the profit-making potential for a 【M3】______ printing press that used movable metal type, and borrowed money to develop that we know now as the modern printing press. He 【M4】______ developed his press by combing features of existed technologies: 【M5】______ textile, papermaking and wine presses. Perhaps his most significant innovation, therefore, was the 【M6】______ efficient molding and casting of movable metal type. Gutenberg designed a Latin print Bible which became his most famous work. Despite of the dramatic success of his printing press, 【M7】______ Gutenberg managed to default on a loan and lost his whole printing establishment. His techniques were made publicly and his creditor 【M8】______ won the rights to the proceeds from the Gutenberg Bibles. In 1476, William Caxton set up England's first printing press. Caxton had been a prolific translator and found the printing press to be a marvelousway to expand his mission of promoting unpopular literature, the innovation of the printing press ultimately 【M9】______ influenced art, literature, philosophy and politics. Today, print is thought of as one of the markers of key historical shifts in 【M10】______ communication, creating a social and intellectual transform. 【M1】