The Cost of Higher Education Individuals(个人) should pay for their higher education. A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates eam more than non-graduates.Meanwhile,social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However,only some people have it. So the imli- vidual,not the taxpayers,should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources(资源) of the government.  Using taxpayers' money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them. Full govemment funding(资助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees.  He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the govemment.  Guaranteed salaries,Smith argued,were the enemy of hard work;and when the academics were lazy and incompetent,the students were similarly lazy. If students have to pay for their education,they not only work harder,but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied.  If that means taking teachjng seriously,and giving less time to their own research interests,that is surely something to celebrate. Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy (经济) .  Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth,but so do all the businesses that invest (投资) and create jobs.  If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive,you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the govemment to invest. Therefore,it is the individual,not the govemment,who should pay for their university education. 1. The underlined word 'them' in Paragraph 2 refers to _____. A. taxpayers B. pressing calls C. college graduates D. govemment resources 2. The author thinks that with full govemment funding _____. A. teachers are less satisfied B. students are more demanding C. students will become more competent D. teachers will spend less time on teaching 3. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to____. A. argue against free university education B. call on them to finance students' studies C. encourage graduates to go into business D. show their contribution to higher education