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阅读材料,回答下列问题。 材料一:的学说在他生前并没有被普遍接受,更不用说贯彻了。但是它们最终流行了,并成为国家的正式教义。其一个原因在于,他的观点从根本上说是保守的,他接受现状,这自然受到上层统治者的欢迎;另一个原因是,他强调道德原则,坚认道德原则是恰当地行使权力的先决条件。最后,为在他去世两个半世纪后,随着帝国政府的建立而成为必不可少的官吏们提供了一门官场哲学。 ——摘编自斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》 材料二:学说之后,中国最有影响的哲学是道家学说。这是可以理解的,因为这两家学说正好相互补充,满足了中国人在理智和感情上的需要。 ——摘编自斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》 材料三:《春秋》大一统,天地之常经,通谊也。今,人异论,百家殊方,指意不同,是以上亡以持一统;法制数变,下不知所守。臣愚以为诸不在六艺之科之术者,皆绝其道,勿使并进。邪辟之说灭息,然后统纪可一而法度可明,民之所从矣。 ——《汉书·传》 材料四:统一思想,儒家,便是要使全国人有一致的信仰,让大家在相同的目标下,致力于共同的利益,所以统一思想是有其必要的……因此我们平心而论,统一思想,尊崇儒术的呼吁,其功当多于过。 ——《与西汉学术》 材料五:以后的中国文化曾遭受三次厄运,一次是始皇的焚书,一次是汉武帝的罢黜百家,再一次是的科举制度。在这三次中,要算所发动的这一次对封建政权的长期巩固所起的作用最大,对文化的危害也最为长远。 ——寄窗《中国经济思想史》 材料六:万物皆有此理,理皆同出一原。……如为君须仁,为臣须敬,为子须孝,为父须慈。物物各具此理,而物物各异其用,然莫非一理之流行也。 ——《类》 材料七:夫人者,天地之心,天地万物本吾一体者也。生民之困苦荼毒,孰非疾痛之切者乎?不知吾身之疾痛,无是非之心者也。是非之心,不虑而知,不学而能,所谓“良知”也。 ——《传习录》 根据材料四、五,两位学者对的评价有何不同?原因何在?
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