Two research practices have held back the development of an adequate factual base for population ethics.

One practice begins with conclusions & then selects only those facts consistent with them. Analysts claiming that rapid population growth has had negative consequences for economic development often cite facts supporting that conclusion & leave out contrary evidence. Those claiming benefits from rapid population growth do the same.

The second practice involves assigning more or less weight to population conditions than objective research would support. Some advocates of fertility control claim that rapid population growth has caused starvation & political instability in the developing countries. Such simple interpretations overlook the many other influences leading to those conditions, such as the lack of food in poor countries, corruption among political leaders, & ethnic conflicts.

Both methods cannot provide solid explanations for major problems in for population ethics.

1965

1969

1972

1975

一个函数中只允许有一条 return 语句

Python 中， def 和 return 是函数必须使用的保留字

Python 函数定义中没有对参数指定类型，这说明，参数在函数中可以当作任意类型使用

函数 eval() 可以用于数值表达式求值，例如 eval("2*3+1")

Pm

Poc

Pl

Pw

The strategies countries use to control fertility have provoked the sharpest debates about population ethics. China & India have used outright coercion to promote sterilization or abortion. In China, women found to be pregnant with unauthorized children have been forced to undergo abortions. Between 1975 & 1977, police in some parts of India rounded up eligible men & required them to be sterilized.

Indonesia's use of strong community pressures to increase use of contraceptives has also been controversial. To gain new users the Indonesian government has relied on such methods as repeated visits to eligible women from village heads, family-planning workers, & members of Acceptors Clubs; pressure to accept intrauterine devices during "safaris" attended by prominent public officials; & promoting a positive image of small families.

Those defending coercion & heavy social pressures argue that countries such as China, India, & Indonesia require vigorous methods of fertility control to curb swelling populations. Voluntary methods, they say, will work too slowly to prevent damage to the economy & create impossible demands for a nation's schools and other public services.

Critics respond that applying force & heavy pressure violates human rights & disregards international agreements on fertility control, such as the 1974 World Population Plan of Action (United Nations).

一个函数中只允许有一条 return 语句

函数 eval() 可以用于数值表达式求值，例如 eval("2*3+1")

Python 函数定义中没有对参数指定类型，这说明，参数在函数中可以当作任意类型使用

Python 中， def 和 return 是函数必须使用的保留字