During the Progressive Movement, women began to play an increasingly active role in American politics. Women had long been interested in reform. movements, but the number of women active in political affairs had been very limited. Now the educated, middle class woman began to grow tired of the passive role that men had assigned to her. Her own interests as a mother were brought into play by her concern over the education and welfare of her children, the city in which they lived, and such municipal facilities as play grounds, schools and parks. Her interests as a consumer were alerted by political struggles over tariffs, taxes, monopolies, and dishonesty in government. But more important than her interests were her sympathies, for she was shocked by the almost daily revelation about the terrible working conditions in the mills and mines of the country and the crowded conditions in which poor people lived in cities. Women began to develop their own heroines of charitable activity, like Jane Adams, the founder of the famous social settlement at Hull House in Chicago and also to feel more strongly about their own political rights. Believing that they were far better equipped than men to introduce into politics the note of honesty and human concern that America seemed to need so badly, women in increasing numbers began to demand the right to vote. By 1914 they had that right in eleven states, and their efforts were crowned with final success in the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified in 1920. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Progressive Movement, educated women of the middle class were expected to ______.