What does “the icy defender” refer to ? 2. What did Napoleon expect when he assembled his army to attack Russia? 3. What did the Russians do in the face of Napoleon’s offensive? What strategy did the Russians adopt? 4. What did Napoleon discover after he occupied Moscow? 5. What happened to Napoleon’s army when it was retreating from Moscow? 6. What did Napoleon do when Paris was capture? 7. When did Hitler begin his invasion of the Soviet Union? What tactics did he use? How long did he expect the campaign to last? 8. Was Stalin prepared for Hitler’s attack? What did he do in the face of the German invasion? 9. How did the people of Leningrad respond to the German attack? 10. What slowed down the German advance on Moscow? What made the German offensive come to a halt? 11. What was the significance of the battle of Stalingrad? 12. What conclusion does the author draw from Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns?