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西班牙阿尔梅里亚地区(图 2 土壤母质为沙石地,土层薄、肥力低。 20 世纪 60 年代末,当地居民创造性地将土壤改良成能够调节土壤水分、养分、空气与热量的“三明治土”,即表层为质地疏松的沙土、中间为有机肥、下层为质地紧实的黏土,同时兴修灌溉系统和温室大棚,发展成为“欧洲蔬菜之都”,全年不间断地向欧洲各国运送新鲜蔬菜,日均运送量达 400 个冷藏集装箱。随着蔬菜产业的发展,当地居民开始在海滩或干枯河床上发展温室技术,即利用塑料薄膜搭建温室大棚,抽取地下水进行营养液(含化肥、杀虫剂等)的配制,并将营养液装入塑料袋中,通过不断更换营养液满足蔬菜持续生长的需要。研究发现,随着温室农业的发展,当地土壤退化问题日益突出。 ( 1 )分析阿尔梅里亚的气候对当地土壤的影响。( 8 分) ( 2 )说明“三明治土”对蔬菜种植的有利影响。( 8 分) ( 3 )分析无土栽培造成当地土壤退化的原因。( 6 分)
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