In recent decades child specialists have tried more and more to help parents with their children's school behavior, Schools of education【C1】______ tended to emphasize subject matter【C2】______ what the children are being taught, but attention increasingly is being paid to the children themselves. One area【C3】______ emphasized is the matter of a【C4】______ developmental or 'maturity' level—that is, the child's【C5】______ of readiness for starting school. Research demonstrated that a major【C6】______ of children who fail in school【C7】______ primarily because of their immaturity and their unreadiness for the work of the【C8】______ that law designates: age five for kindergarten, age six for first grade. Comrnon sense【C9】______ us that not all five-year-olds have reached 【C10】______ average level of performance expected【C11】______ age five. Thus many flve-year-olds fail in kindergarten and six year olds fail in first grade【C12】______ because of a 'learning disability' or 'attention deficit disorder' but simply because【C13】______ are in a too advanced grade. Experience has shown that the number of 【C14】______ learners can be substantially reduced by a policy of【C15】______ every child's readiness—that is,【C16】______ -level before beginning school. This concept has 【C17】______ widely. Many school systems now routinely provide not only readiness testing but also extra grade【C18】______ : pre-kindergarten or 'developmental' kindergarten for a year【C19】______ full kindergarten and pre-first grade for six-year-olds not fully【C20】______ for first grade. 【C1】