我们如何征服致命的天花病毒 How we _____ the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi 一万年前 一种致命的病毒出现在非洲的东北部 10,000 years ago, a deadly virus _____ in northeastern Africa. 这种病毒通过空气传播 The virus _____ through the air, attacking 损害人体皮肤细胞 骨髓 和脾脏 the skin cells, bone marrow, spleen, 以及淋巴结等 and lymph nodes of its victims. 不幸被感染的人会发热 呕吐 起疹子 The unlucky _____ developed _____, _____, and _____. 在感染病毒的第二 30% of infected people died 百分之三十的感染者死亡 during the second week of _____. 幸存下来的人终身留下痘印和疤痕 Survivors bore _____ and _____ for the rest of their lives. 天花来袭 Smallpox had arrived. 公元前1350年 天花流感第一次 In 1350 B.C., the first smallpox epidemics 在埃及与的战争期间爆发 hit during the Egypt-Hittite war. 埃及的囚犯们把天花传播给了 Egyptian _____ spread smallpox to hittite 天花杀死了他们的国王并摧毁了他们的文明 which killed their king and devastated his _____. 渐渐地 天花病毒经由埃及商人 Insidiously, smallpox made its way around the world 蔓延到世界各地 via Egyptian _____, 之后经过阿拉伯十字军 then through the Arab world with the Crusades, 一路随着西班牙和葡萄牙的攻占传播到美洲 and all the way to the Americas with the Spanish and Portuguese _____. 自那时起 天花夺走了数以亿计人的生命 Since then, it has killed billions of people 仅在二十世纪 天花病毒 with an _____ 300 to 500 million people 杀死了大概三亿到五亿的人 killed in the 20th century alone. 但天花病毒并不是不可战胜的 But smallpox is not _____. 实际上 天花病毒早在现代医学 In fact, the fall of smallpox started 建立之前就已经出现过 long before modern _____. 可一直追溯到公元1022年 It began all the way back in 1022 A.D. 根据一本名叫《天花正确疗法》的小册子 According to a small book, called “The Correct Treatment of Small Pox,” 在四川省南部的峨眉山上居住的一个尼姑 a Buddhist nun living in a famous mountain named O Mei Shan 把出天花留下的痂磨碎之后 in the southern providence of Sichuan would grind up smallpox scabs 吹进健康的人的鼻孔里 and blow the _____ into nostrils of healthy people. 她这样做是因为 She did this 在发现那些得了天花之后幸存下来的人 after noticing that those who managed to _____ smallpox 不会再染上天花 但她奇怪的治疗方法奏效了 never got it again, and her odd _____ worked. 这个过程叫做天花接种 The _____, called variolation, 一直演变到1700年 医生们从疮中提取物质 slowly evolved and by the 1700’s, doctors were taking _____ from sores 然后通过在人的胳膊上划上四五道的方式 and putting them into healthy people 把这些物质放到人的体内 through four or five _____ on the arm. 这样做的效果非常好 被接种的人都不会被再次感染 This worked pretty well as _____ people would not get _____, 但它并非总是安全 but it wasn’t foolproof. 在接种之后 Up to three percent of people would still die 仍有百分之三的人会死亡 after being exposed to the puss. 直到英国的爱德华•詹纳医师 It wasn’t until English _____ Edward Jenner 发现了一件有关挤奶女工的趣事 noticed something interesting about dairy maids 我们才得到了现代的处理方式 that we got our modern _____. 13岁的时候 詹纳在临近布里斯托尔的索德布里 At age 13, while Jenner was apprentice 跟着乡村外科医生和药剂师做学徒 to a country _____ and apothecary in Sodbury, near Bristol, 他听到一个挤奶女工说 he heard a dairy maid say, “我从没得过天花病毒 但我得过牛痘 “I shall never have smallpox, for I have had cowpox. 所以我不会有一张丑陋的 疤痕累累的脸” I shall never have an ugly, pockmarked face.” 牛痘是一种感染牛的和天花很相似的皮肤疾病 Cowpox is a skin disease that _____ smallpox and infects cows. 之后 当了医师之后 他意识到她的话是对的 Later on, as a physician, he realized that she was right, 得了牛痘的女性不会 感染致命的天花 women who got cowpox didn’t develop the deadly smallpox. 天花和牛痘是同根的病毒 Smallpox and cowpox viruses are from the same family. 但是它们感染不同的宿主 But when a virus infects an unfamiliar _____, 在人类感染牛痘时病情不会太严重 in this case cowpox infecting a human, it is less _____, 所以詹纳决定检验牛痘病毒是否 so Jenner decided to test whether the cowpox virus could be used 能用来抵抗天花 to protect against smallpox. 1796年的五月份 詹纳发现了一个年轻的挤奶女工 In May 1796, Jenner found a young dairy maid, 莎拉内尔姆斯的脸上和手上有新鲜的牛痘疤痕 Sarah Nelmes, who had _____ cowpox lesions on her hand and arm 是一头叫做布洛瑟姆的牛传染给她的 caught from the utters of a cow named Blossom. 他用脓包里的提取物接种了詹姆斯•菲普斯 Using matter from her pustules, he _____ James Phipps, 他园丁八岁的儿子 the eight-year-old son of his gardener. 经过了几天的发烧和不适之后 After a few days of fever and _____, 那男孩看起来恢复了健康 the boy seemed to _____. 两个月之后 詹纳再给那个男孩接种了 Two months later, Jenner inoculated the boy again, 从天花疤痕中提取的物质 this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. 男孩没有被感染上 詹纳得出了抗体已经形成的结论 No disease developed, and Jenner _____ that _____ was complete. 他的计划成功了 His plan had worked. 之后詹纳在好几个人身上 Jenner later used the cowpox virus 使用了牛痘病毒 并重复用天花感染他们 in several other people and _____ them repeatedly with smallpox, 证明了他们已经对这种病毒免疫了 _____ that they were _____ to the disease. 在这过程中 詹纳发明了天花疫苗 With this procedure, Jenner invented the smallpox _____. 不像天花接种一般使用真正的天花病毒 Unlike variolation, which used _____ smallpox virus 来保护人们 而是用危险性没有这么大的牛痘病毒 to try to protect people, vaccination used the far less dangerous cowpox virus. 医药组织对此发现非常的谨慎 The _____ establishment, cautious then as now, 经过长期考量他的发现之后 deliberated at length over his findings 很长一段时间才被接受 before accepting them. 但是最终接种疫苗被逐渐的接受了 But eventually vaccination was gradually accepted 天花接种在英国于1840年被禁止 and variolation became _____ in England in 1840. 经过19和20世纪的接种疫苗的大规模运动 After large vaccination _____ throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, 世界卫生组织在1979年证实了天花的完全消亡 the World Health Organization _____ smallpox’s eradication in 1979. 詹纳被人当做免疫学之父而被人类永远铭记 Jenner is forever remembered as the father of _____, 但是我们别忘了挤奶女工莎拉内尔姆斯 but let’s not forget the dairy maid Sarah Nelmes, 那头叫布洛瑟姆的牛 和詹姆斯•菲普斯 Blossom the cow, and James Phipps, 以及在这场疫苗接种大冒险之中所有做出贡献 all heroes in this great _____ of vaccination 使得天花彻底被消灭的英雄们 who helped _____ smallpox.