How are tRNAs processed in bacteria and eukaryotes?
A.
Most cells have 40 to 50 distinct tRNAs, and eukaryotic cells have multiple copies of many of the tRNA genes. Transfer RNAs are derived from longer RNA precursors by enzymatic removal of nucleotides from the 5′ and 3′ ends. In eukaryotes, introns are present in a few tRNA transcripts and must be excised. Where two or more different tRNAs are contained in a single primary transcript, they are separated by enzymatic cleavage.
B.
The endonuclease RNase P, found in all organisms, removes RNA at the 5′ end of tRNAs. This enzyme contains both protein and RN The RNA component is essential for activity, and in bacterial cells it can carry out its processing function with precision even without the protein component. RNase P is another example of a catalytic RNA, as described in more detail below. The 3′ end of tRNAs is processed by one or more nucleases, including the exonuclease RNase D.
C.
Transfer RNA precursors may undergo further posttranscriptional processing. The 3′-terminal trinucleotide CCA(3′) to which an amino acid is attached during protein synthesis is absent from some bacterial and all eukaryotic tRNA precursors and is added during processing. This addition is carried out by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, an unusual enzyme that binds the three ribonucleoside triphosphate precursors in separate active sites and catalyzes formation of the phosphodiester bonds to produce the CCA(3′) sequence. The creation of this defined sequence of nucleotides is therefore not dependent on a DNA or RNA template—the template is the binding site of the enzyme.
D.
The final type of tRNA processing is the modification of some bases by methylation, deamination, or reduction. In the case of pseudouridine, the base (uracil) is removed and reattached to the sugar through C-5. Some of these modified bases occur at characteristic positions in all tRNAs.