But Elop was not the only person at fault. Nokia's board resisted change, making it impossible for the company to adapt to rapid shifts in the industry. Most notably, Jorma Ollila, who had led Nokia's transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by the company's previous success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness. The company also embarked on a desperate cost-cutting program, which included the elimination of thousands of jobs. This contributed to the deterioration of the company's once-spirited culture, which had motivated employees to take risks and make miracles. Good leaders left the company, taking Nokia's sense of vision and directions with them. Not surprisingly, much of Nokia's most valuable design and programming talent left as well.