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(2015北京文综,37,8分)(节选)历史语境中的语言和文化 材料一 汉语是世界上最古老的语言之一。秦汉时期,汉字形成统一的书写规范。官学、书院、私塾大都使用汉语,科举考试亦然。魏孝文帝改革将汉语作为“正音”。清朝确立在全国的统治后,很快将汉语作为官方语言。日本等周边国家的语言也受到汉语影响。 拉丁语最初是古罗马人的语言。公元1世纪,标准拉丁语形成,与希腊语等一起成为罗马帝国学校的教学语言。罗马帝国解体后,拉丁语的日常口语功能逐渐丧失,成为一种书面语言。17世纪末期以前,西欧的学术著作大都用拉丁文撰写。意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、法国等在拉丁语的基础上,发展出自己的民族语言。 (1)阅读材料一,结合所学,概括上述两种语言文字发展演变的异同。(8分)
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