Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed【S1】______over the centuries. During the 1950's and 1960's especially, increased attention has been devoted to【S2】______the reading process.【S3】______specialists agree that reading【S4】______a complex organization of higher mental【S5】______, they disagree【S6】______the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds,【S7】______reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand【S8】______ . These authorities 【S9】______ that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is 【S10】______related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without【S11】______their meaning is not truly reading. The reader,【S12】______ some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who【S13】______ reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 【S14】______ . By some expert they would not be【S15】______ as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most【S16】______ and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to【S17】______the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various【S18】______ , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do【S19】______ widely and enthusiastically. 【S20】______reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas. 【C1】