Task 1 Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should make the correct choice. One of the most authoritative(权威的) voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. This type of voice dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers waves to us from every page of the newspaper signals to us from the roadside billboards all day and flashes messages to us in coloured lights all night. It has forced on us a whole new conception of the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mall consists of announcements of giant carpet sales. Advertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this huge expenditure? Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer-appeal(讨好顾客的) to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors. So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they have finished it, by pretending that it attracts love, or signifies manliness. If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in a favorable position. Other manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for one reason or another, some changes seems called for how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself. According to the passage modem advertising is 'authoritative' because of the way it ______.