Passage Two: People with different cultural backgroundshave different expectations, norms and values, which in turn have the potentialto influence their judgments and decisions as well as their subsequentbehavior. European Americans, for example, are generally influenced by thepositive consequences of a decision, whereas Asians appear to be moreinfluenced by the negative consequences that may occur due to a decision orline of action. Asians are therefore more "prevention" focused,manifesting a greater tendency to compromise, seek moderation or to postponedecisions if it is possible. However, recent research shows thatcultural norms and values are not the only criteria to influence behavior. Theextent to which they come into play also depends on situational factors, andhow much the situation calls these norms and values to mind when the judgmentor decision is being made. The research commenced at Hong Kong University. Itset out to better understand how cultural and individual differences have aninfluence on consumers' decision-making processes. Subsequent work examined theimplications of this research, demonstrating that motivational as well aschronic culture-related differences have an impact on consumers' choicebehavior. The search identified several factors thatinfluence how cultural norms are applied — these include the language spoken aswell as the perception of the criteria to be applied in a given situation. Itwas also found that, while cultural norms are more likely to play a role, ifthe decision makers are asked to think carefully about the decisions they arecalled upon to make, both groups become more "prevention" focusedwhen their cultural identity is impressed upon them. Proving that language does indeed play apart in cultural behavior, the study found that different languages, Chineseand English for example, activated cultural norms associated with the languagein question. Bilingual and bicultural Hong Kong participants in the study weremore likely to engage in "prevention" focused behavior whencommunicating in Chinese than when using English. This is attributed in part tothe fact that presenting information in a given language activates expectationsand perceptions of the norms and values that should guide their decisions.Participants thus tended to comply with these expectations — they would conformto what they considered was socially desirable behavior for the situation. The studies also showed that culturaldifferences existed when responding to "promotion versus prevention"focused advertising, but these differences disappeared when participants had anopportunity to think carefully about their judgments. Commenting on these conclusions, ProfessorBriley said, "Our studies suggest that the effects of cultural norms andvalues on the processing of information are not 'hard-wired' into our systems.Rather, their influence depends on situational factors and the extent to whichthese situations bring the relevant norms and values to mind." 1. According to the author, Asians are more"prevention" focused, which is reflected in all of the followingEXCEPT that they ________________. A.show a great tendency to give in B.are influenced by the positive consequences of a decision C.seek the quality of being moderate and avoiding extremes D.delay decisions if it is possible 2. According to Paragraph 2, research at Hong KongUniversity found factors that influence consumer choice behavior are __________________. A.cultural norms and values B.cultural and individual difference C.situational and cultural factors D.motivational and chronic culture-related differences 3. How do you understand"hard-wired" in the last paragraph? A.Closely related or deeply rooted. B.Connected with a hard wire. C.Depended on or decided by. D.Engaged in. 4. What can we infer from the bilingual andbicultural Hong Kong participants in the study? A. Compared withcommunicating in English, they are more likely to participate in"prevention" focused activities when using Chinese. B.Different languages usually won't activate cultural norms related with thelanguage engaged. C.Participants would neglect what they considered was socially desirable behaviorfor the situation. D.When participants had a chance to consider their judgments, culturaldifferences came into being. 5. What do you think is the mostappropriate title for this passage? A.What influences our norms and values in decision making? B.How does culture influence decision making and judgment? C.Factors that influence cultural norm application D.Language and cultural behavior