In the past ， most cities usually were the natural outgrowth of villages and towns that happened to prosper． Rome started out as a small village， as did Athens， Paris， London and New York． Of course， there were exceptions to this general rule． In ancient times， Alexandria in Egypt， and Saint Petersburg， were both planned cities． But for the most part， cities throughout history were not the products of deliberate thought． Today the reverse is true ． Many nations， alarmed by the urban sprawl that has been gobbling up farmland and open countryside ， and appalled by the staggering urban problems in the central cities， have begun building new cities that are specifically designed to meet modern needs． Britain has long been a pioneer in planning new cities ． As the first nation to become industrialized and urbanized， it faced traffic， slums and pollution long before anyone else． In 1898 an Englishman， Sir Ebenezer Howard， published a book called To－morrow： a Peaceful Path to Real Reform， in which he advocated a new form of urban growth and organization： the “garden city”． Such a city combined the beauty of nature－trees， grass， sunshine and fresh air －with all the advantages of city living， including an abundance of jobs， social and cultural centres and good shopping facilities ． The garden city was to be fairly small int size and the inhabitants would have easy access to the countryside， while at the same time they would be close to their work． In 1899 Howard organized the Garden City Association and in 1903 and 1920 he built the first and the second garden city ， Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City ． These projects encountered many difficulties and failed to arouse widespread enthusiasm． Nevertheless， both Welwyn and Letchworth survived and grew， and in later years－particularly after World War II －British planners looked at them with renewed interest． The war had given the British a painful lesson in the weakness of modern，heavily populatedcities． Cities were not the places of refuge they had once been． One the contrary， the invention of the aeroplane had made them the most vulnerable targets for attack． Aerial warfare made it clear that people were far safer outside the great urban centres． It was better not to concentrate so much of the population and industrial resources in a few large cities， but to spread them out into many smaller towns and cities ． Fast ， modern transportation methods made such dispersal possible．Furthermore，these new towns－modeled on Howard’s garden cities－could also drain off the surplus population of the large cities， relieving the overcrowded conditions， housing shortages， slums and traffic jams that plagued them． Questions 1 to 3 Mark each statement as either true （T） or false （F） according to the passage． 1． In the past， most cities were not planned and they just grew up spontaneously． 2． Garden cities built by Howard never aroused widespread enthusiasm． 3． It can be inferred that the author believes the construction of big cities is a mistake． Questions 4—5 Translate the following sentences of the passage into Chinese ． Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet． 4． Many nations， alarmed by the urban sprawl that has been gobbling up farmland and open countryside， and appalled by the staggering urban problems in the central cities， have begun building new cities that are specifically designed to meet modern needs． 5． Furthermore， these new towns－modeled on Howard’s garden cities－could also drain off the surplus population of the large cities， relieving the overcrowded conditions， housing shortages， alums and traffic jams that plagued them．