A. Difficultyof changing one’s immigration status. B. Extent of error in card completion. C. Classification of border-crossers. D. Uncertainty in categorization. E. Computer-assistedmeasurement of illegal immigration. F. Preventingillegal immigration. G. Determining net flow of population. Whenever a person enters or leaves theisland nation of Freedonia, he or she must fill out an arrival or departurecard. The data collected from the cards are entered into a computer database,known as the Inflow/Outflow Record (IOR) . The Immigration Bureau uses the IORto monitor changes in the population of Freedonia, which was estimated in 1994to be 14.4 million people. 1 The cards do more than just help count thenumber of people coming and going. The people who cross Freedonia’s borders areput into one of several categories depending on how they fill out their card.The first category, labelled “Category M” by the Immigration Bureau, is made upof people, usually tourists and business travelers from abroad, whose stay inFreedonia is less than 6 months. In “Category W” are citizens and residents ofFreedonia who go abroad for a similar period of time. “Category P” includesforeigners who stay in Freedonia for a period longer than 6 months , while Freedonians who leave the country formore than 6 months are put in “Category Q”. Then there are the people whomigrate permanently to Freedonia, known as “Category R” , and those who permanently emigrate from theisland state, who are placed in “Category S”. Emigrants, it should be noted,are sometimes former immigrants to Freedonia. 2 One problem with maintaining the IOR isthat the departure and arrival cards ask for people's intentions, andintentions do not always become reality. Freedonia’s population includes manypeople who originally entered the country on a temporary visa but who laterapplied for and were given permanent status; in this way, someone who wasCategory M becomes Category R. This is not too great a problem as changes inmigration status inside the country can easily be tracked and entered into theIOR. It becomes difficult to make accurate categorizations, though, whenFreedonians move overseas with plans to return—whether in less than 6 months orafter a longer period—but do not, in fact, come back. Similarly, Freedonianswho claim to be emigrating to other countries may change their minds and returnto Freedonia. 3 People may also make mistakes when fillingout the cards. In 1994, a study was made of 21,730 arrival and departure cardsfilled out by people leaving from Freedonia’s major airports and seaports. Thestudy showed that one in five cards had errors. A total of 4,008 passengers whowere citizens of Freedonia mistakenly said that they were temporary entrants toFreedonia. Of these, 18 percent were, in fact, emigrating or Category Qleavers. The study’s most important finding was the lack of certainty expressedby departing Freedonians about when they planned to return to Freedonia. Thearrival and departure cards were redesigned by the Immigration Bureau after the1994 study, but while the new cards have been in use for over a decade, no newresearch has been done. 4 The unrecorded movements of people from onecategory to another make it hard to measure the flow of population, but itshould be said that Freedonia is the only nation with high overall immigrationthat keeps reliable records of departures. In this way, the Immigration Bureauis able to keep track of departing native Freedonians as well as formersettlers. By monitoring both immigration and emigration, the Bureau is able tomaintain a record of net migration, the total gain or loss of people over aperiod of time. In other countries with high level of immigration, the issue ofnet migration has often been neglected. 5 One final benefit of the IOR is the help itgives in determining the level of illegal immigration to Freedonia. People whoenter Freedonia saying they will stay in the country for under six months willappear automatically in the database as “Category T” if they have not left thecountry after the end of that period. Unlike countries such as the UnitedStates that have little idea of the true extent of illegal immigration enteringtheir borders, Freedonia’s Immigration Bureau has shown it is able to keep afairly accurate count. 考研英语阅读理解B概括大意题作业.docx