Educational philosophy has changed a great deal in the 50 years since I was in school. Back then, for example, I had the highest grades in school, but many of my teachers went out of their way to cut me down because I wouldnt get conceit. Aside from【M1】______ the debated question of whether that worked, the point is that【M2】______ today, the educational establishment has the opposite philosophy. They tend to tell all kids they are smart. I have seen elementary schools that most students are selected as 'Honors Students.'【M3】______ Research clearly shows that if students learn best from their【M4】______ mistakes depend on a students self-perception. Research by Carol【M5】______ Dweck and colleagues at Stanford demonstrated that the students who are most likely to learn from their mistakes are those who dont think of themselves as smart as such and smart enough to get【M6】______ smarter. They have a 'growth mindset,' a belief system they can【M7】______ get better if they will just invest in the time and effort. In one of【M8】______ the groups experiments, half of students were repeatedly praised【M9】______ for 'being smart,' and these students were not good at learning from mistakes. It is not clear why. Maybe they thought the problem was in the learning material, not in them. The other half of students were praised for effort and improvement and these students got better and made few mistakes. Several months later,【M10】______ all students repeated a standardized test, and the 'smart' students scores dropped 20%, while the 'growth mindset' students scored 30% higher. 【M1】