中国A公司于某年9月2日致函某国B公司,提出以每公吨X美元CIF纽约的价格向B公司出售咖啡豆,要约规定的承诺期限为2。9月14日A公司获悉国际市场上的咖啡价格上涨了30%,就在同一天,A公司收到B公司发来的表示接受的电传,B公司表示其已作好履行合同的准备。15日,A公司向B公司提出将咖啡豆的售价由原来的每公吨X美元增加至X+300美元,B公司向中国某法院提起诉讼,要求A公司赔偿其所遭受的损失。 A 公司辩称,其与B公司间并不存在任何合同关系,B公司的索赔缺乏依据。请问A、B公司谁更有理?
【简答题】Ant
colonies are successful because .A. all the ants know what’s best for the group B. the queen is a strong leader C. each ant does something useful
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a probabalistic (stochastic), heuristic optimization technique inspired by the way ants make & find paths from the colony to food. The technique is used to solve discrete optimization problems that can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs. The first appearance of an ACO system was in a PhD thesis in 1992 by Marco Dorigo at Politecnico di Milano. It was called Ant System (AS). Since 1995 various other extended versions of AS have been developed, including Ant Colony System (ACS) and MAX-MIN Ant System (MMAS). In 1999 Dorigo proposed the ACO metaheuristic that became the most successful and recognized algorithm based on ant behavior.
B.
When one ant finds an optimal path from the colony to a food source, other ants are more likely to follow that path & positive feedback eventually causes all the ants to follow the same path. The ACO algorithm mimics this by walking around the graph representing the problem to solve. These algorithms have been applied to the symmetric & asymmetric traveling salesman problem with near-optimal results.
C.
There has been an interest in using ACO for network routing & urban transportation systems since the algorithm can be run continuously giving it the ability to adapt to changes in real time. This is an advantage over the simulated annealing & genetic algorithm approaches since they do not change dynamically.
D.
In machine learning & data mining problems, ACO variations have been used to create a model of the way worker ants "cluster" ant corpses in ant cemetary maintenance. This has been applied to a task called clustering in machine learning which involves finding groups of objects that are similar. This method has proven to have higher performance & accuracy than previous classical methods.
【简答题】阅读理解。 When an ant dies, other ants move the dead insect out. Sometimes, the dead ant get moved away very soon-within an hour of dying. This behavior is interesting to scientists, who wonder how ants k...