A set of genes play a role in learning to read and do math, but this ability is not just gene-driven,【C1】______schooling and help from parents are also vital【C2】______. Early mathematical ability and literacy are known to【C3】______in some families, but the genes【C4】______affect this have until now been【C5】______unknown. Scientists looked into a data pool called the Twins Early Development Study, which【C6】______12-year-olds from nearly 2,800 British families. The team compared twins and【C7】______children to see how they【C8】______in tests for maths and reading comprehension, and then matched the childrens genomes. Between 10 percent and half of the genes involved in reading were also involved in math, they found, and tiny variants in these【C9】______genes influence skill level. 【C10】______its also clear how important our life experience is in making us better at one or the other. Its this complex【C11】______of nature and nurture as we grow up【C12】______shapes who we are. Professor Robert Plomin said the study was the first to estimate the【C13】______from DNA alone on learning ability. But, he stressed, the genetic variants that were identified were not【C14】______'literacy or numeracy' genes. 【C15】______they formed part of a more complex mechanism in which many genes each【C16】______a small, but combined, effect on learning ability. 'Children differ【C17】______in how easy or difficult they find learning, and we need to recognize and【C18】______these individual differences,' said Plomin. 'Heritability does not【C19】______that anything is set in stone—it just means it may take more effort from parents, schools and teachers to【C20】______the child up to speed.' 【C1】