David Welch : Put simply, propaganda is (1) ___________________ . It's crucial to understand that it's the (2) _______________ that defines or distinguishes propaganda from other similar forms of activity such as (3) _____________________ . While the definitions have changed, the concept of propaganda has not really changed. But w hat has changed are (4) _______________________ from the early print media, both (5) _________________ , to (6) _________ , taken obviously at film, radio, television, and, of course now, the internet. And t his change in the means of communications has had a profound effect on both the speed with which (7) _________________________ and also (8) ________ on which it has been disseminated. I think it is true that, even today, people still (9) ______________________________ , as something to be avoided at all cost, almost a sort of cancer on the body politic. I think this misunderstands (10) ____________________ . Propaganda is about persuading people but it's also about (11) _____________________ . Aldous Huxley wrote in the 1940s that a propagandist is a man who canalises an already existing stream. In a land where there is no water, he digs in vain. I think this preoccupation with lies and falsehoods misses the basic concept of propaganda, that it is (12)________________ . It can be good or bad. The crucial factor I think here is to recognize that the real problem is (13) _____________________ . So f or example, in dictatorships or totalitarian states where you do have a monopoly of the means of communication, then, of course, you have a real problem with propaganda because (14) _________________________________ . How do you measure the success of propaganda? This is a perennial problem. It's a very difficult question to answer. It's often cited that (15) _____________________ is a classic example of successful propaganda. Indeed, both Lenin and Hitler in the interwar period wrote that they believed that British propaganda during the first world war had a profound effect on (16)___________________________ . Alastair Campbell : I think propaganda has become (17) ______________ , in this concept, because (18) _________________________________________________ . So f or example, if you talk about propaganda as it were, I think, to my generation, they would think immediately of (19) _________________________________ . If you talk about propaganda to an earlier generation, they're probably thinking much more about (20) ________________ , even the first world war. But I think that what's happened is that (21) ______________________________ and all the rest of it has just become defined very, very negatively. Today, the news is happening every single second of every single minute in every single country in the world. And It's happening, not just via television screens and radio and newspapers and magazines. It's happening on people's phones, on people's iPads, in people's cars or on trains or on planes. All around us, all the time, the news is (22) ________ . John Pilger : We often think of propaganda in terms of its (23) ______________________ such as Nazi propaganda and Stalinist propaganda. But r eally, the most powerful propaganda of the 20th century and the 21st century is (24) ________ , something that we often don't recognize, something (25) _____________ . And i t comes from two words: (26) ___________ . Words are invented by Edward Bernays back at the beginning of the 20th century when he said that the Germans during the first world war (27) _____________________________ .