Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man A robot that can open doors and find electrical outlets to recharge itself. Computer viruses that no one can stop. 'Predator' fighters, which, though still controlled remotely by humans, come close to a machine that can kill autonomously. Impressed and alarmed by advances in artificial intelligence, a group of computer scientists is debating whether there should be limits on research that might lead to loss of human control over computer-based systems that carry a growing share of society's workload, from waging war to chatting with customers on the phone. Their concern is that further advances could create profound social disruptions and even have dangerous consequences. As examples, the scientists pointed to a number of technologies as diverse as experimental medical systems that interact with patients to simulate sympathy, and computer worms and viruses that defy extermination (消灭) and could thus be said to have reached a 'cockroach' stage of ma chine intelligence. While the computer scientists agreed that we are a long way from Hal, the computer that took over the spaceship in '2001: A Space Odyssey,' they said there was legitimate concern that technological progress would transform. the work force by destroying a widening range of jobs, as well as force humans to learn to live with machines that increasingly copy human behaviors. The researchers—leading computer scientists, artificial intelligence researchers and roboticists who met at the Asilomar Conference Grounds on Monterey Bay in California—generally dismissed the possibility of highly centralized superintelligences and the idea that intelligence might spring spontaneously from the Internet. But they agreed that robots that can kill autonomously are either already here or will be soon. They focused particular attention on the specter that criminals could exploit artificial intelligence systems as soon as they were developed. What could a criminal do with a speech synthesis system that could disguise as a human being? What happens if artificial intelligence technology is used to mine personal information from smart phones? The researchers also discussed possible threats to human jobs, like self-driving cars, software based personal assistants and service robots in the home. Just last month, a service robot developed by Willow Garage in Silicon Valley proved it could navigate the real world. A report from the conference, which took place in private on Feb.25, is to be issued later this year. Some attendees discussed the meeting for the first time with other scientists this month and in interviews. The conference was organized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (A.A.A.I.), and in choosing Asilomar for the discussions, the group purposefully evoked a landmark event (里程碑式事件) in the history of science. In 1975, the world's leading biologists also met at Asilomar to discuss the new ability to reshape life by swapping genetic material among organisms. Concerned about possible biohazards and ethical questions, scientists had halted certain experiments. The conference led to guidelines for recombinant DNA research, enabling experimentation to continue. The meeting on the future of artificial intelligence was organized by Eric Horvitz, a Microsoft researcher who is now president of the association. Dr. Horvitz said he believed computer scientists must respond to the notions of superintelligent machines and artificial intelligence systems run amok (横行). The idea of an 'intelligence explosion' in which smart machines would design even more intelligent machines was proposed by the mathematician I.J.Good in 1965. Later, in lectures and science fiction novels, the computer scientist Vernor Vinge popularized the notion of