Why do young adult children become independent so much later than they did in 1970 , when the average age of independent living was 21? Why have reduced class sizes and increased per-pupil expenditures ( 花销 )not 1 higher academic achievement levels? Why is the mental health of today’s kids so poor when 2 with that of children in the 1960s and before? Why do today’s 3 become defensive when told by teachers that their children have misbehaved in school? The answer is in two words: parental 4 . Those two words best summarize the 5 between “old” child raising and new, post-1960s parenting. Then, the general philosophy was that parents were not to be 6 involved with their kids. They were available 7 emergency, but they stood a (an) 8 distance from their kids and allowed them to experience the benefits of the trial-and-error process. It was the child’s 9 , back then, to keep his or her parents from getting involved. That was 10 children learned to be responsible and determined. Today’s parents help their kids with almost everything. These are parents who are 11 when it comes to an understanding of their purpose in their kids’ lives. Their involvement leads them to personalize everything that happens to their kids; 12 ,the defensiveness. But given that schools and mental health professionals have been pushing parent involvement for nearly four decades, the confusion and defensiveness are 13 . University researchers analyzed three decades of data relating to parent participation in children’s academics. Their conclusions 14 what I’ve been saying since the1980s: parental help with homework 15 a child’s academic achievement and is not reflected on standardized tests. Parents who manage a child’s social life interfere with( 干预,阻挠 )the 16 of good social skills. Parents who manage a child’s after-school activities grow kids who don’t know how to 17 their own free time. Parents who get involved in their kids’ 18 with peers grow kids who don’t know how to avoid much less trouble. These kids have anxieties and fears of all sorts and don’t want to leave their 19 . And their parents, when the time comes, don’t know how to 20 being parents.You can imagine what will become of their future.